Violations of Excise Regulations as a Basis for Unlawful Acts and the Limits of Liability for Competitor Losses in the Legal Cigarette Market
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37893/jv.v5i2.1551Keywords:
Business Competition, Civil Law, Illegal Cigarettes, Unlawful ActAbstract
This study examines whether the circulation of illegal cigarettes satisfies the elements of an unlawful act (Perbuatan Melawan Hukum or PMH) under Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code and identifies the civil remedies available to legal cigarette businesses as a means of legal protection. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Legal materials were collected through a literature review encompassing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials and were analyzed qualitatively. The findings demonstrate that the circulation of illegal cigarettes satisfies the four elements of an unlawful act: an unlawful act consisting of the production and distribution of cigarettes without payment of the applicable excise duties, accompanied by indications of predatory pricing practices; fault arising from the deliberate disregard of excise obligations; losses in the form of declining sales and revenues suffered by legal cigarette businesses; and a causal relationship between the lower prices of illegal cigarettes and the losses incurred by legal cigarette businesses. Legal cigarette businesses may pursue civil remedies through litigation by bringing an unlawful-act claim under Articles 1365 and 1366 of the Indonesian Civil Code to seek compensation for pecuniary and non-pecuniary losses. Non-litigation measures may also be pursued through mediation, contractual clauses with distribution partners, and cooperation with the Customs and Excise authorities. Accordingly, civil law may serve as an additional legal instrument, alongside administrative and criminal law, for protecting legal cigarette businesses from unfair business competition.
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